A simple convenient DNA collection and storage method for GWAS Essay

A basic advantageous DNA assortment and capacity technique for GWAS investigation utilizing FTA - Essay Example Fujita (2006). It includes a cellulose-based network containing synthetic compounds for cell lysis and nucleic corrosive preservation.â The synthetic substances are enacted when an organic liquid contacts the surface.â An extra element of this concoction treatment is bacterial and viral inactivation.â Not just are the biosamples shielded from microbial development pollution, however the client is likewise shielded from any potential biohazards present in the biosample.â These highlights make FTA paper a perfect mode for moving bioamples at room temperature without the necessity of a biohazard dispatching name. FTA paper is a regularly utilized substrate for DNA stockpiling in various businesses, for example, pharmaceutics, law requirement, agribusiness and administrative agencies.â This medium has been accessible industrially for various years by Whatman Inc., who have exhibited that DNA put away on FTA paper has a long, valuable lifetime.â actually, reasonableness for utilization of DNA recuperated from as long as multi year-old biosamples in human distinguishing proof tests has been illustrated, inarguably. also, aniline colors; or liver tumors and vinyl chloride). The high pervasiveness of appendage mutations in babies in the late 1950s was eventually seen as due to the mothers’ ingestion of thalidomide during pregnancy. German National Ethics Council (2004). Anyway hereditary the study of disease transmission considers not people but rather populace gatherings. Biobanks fill in as huge sub-atomic vaults where a lot of information as DNA from different sources can be thought about. For instance, the United Kingdom BioBank means to document the hereditary material of 5,00,000 people as referenced in UK Biobank writing. Enormous arrangement of tests from givers (a few hundred to a few thousand) with a given multifactorial inherited condition â€, for example, hypertension, disease, diabetes, asthma or epilepsy †are contrasted and comparing arrangement from solid benefactors. The

Introduction To Safety And Hygiene Environmental Sciences Essay

Prologue To Safety And Hygiene Environmental Sciences Essay Nowdays, mentioned for sanitation office is progressively requesting in accommodation line. The sanitation office is accessibility of safe food improves the wellbeing of individuals and is likewise significant essential for human right. Consistently individuals will get sick from the they eat when set up the food or preparing without contain a decent sanitation office. Ordinarily, individuals get sick or food poison is on the grounds that the microorganisms including baterial, infections and forms in the food, prompting an entire host of upsetting manifestations, for example, stomach torments, the runs and heaving. Defilement is the undesired nearness of unsafe microorganisms or substances in food. Food can be tainted by unhygienic practices away, taking care of and planning, and may bargain sanitation and satisfactoriness, model have a decent security office for the client. On the off chance that microorganisms are permitted to increase, this will can possibly cause malady if the fo od is eaten. Thus, individuals must comprehension and information about the sanitation office to concerned the wellbeing dangers, for instance, need to fulfill the expanding needs for cleanliness necessities and scale for the office. This is a huge general wellbeing trouble that can be to a great extent preventable. Not just for our sound, food safe office additionally give due accentuation to great clean practices to forestall and control foodborne illnesses. Foodborne ailments come about because of eating nourishments that contain irresistible or harmful substances. According to association, there is likewise significant variety in aptitude and asset between the various offices, and a contention between the need to ensure general wellbeing and commitments to encourage exchange or build up an industry or business part. You should know about these potential troubles with the food control framework. This meeting will present the standards of sanitation office and comprise about of fl oor, temperature, bathrooms, ventilation, lighting, individual sterile, cooking, keep food, squander removal and gear. Additionally find out about food control, food examination and steady requirement quantifies that can add to food cleanliness and wellbeing of office. Primary BODY Floor About the deck, as accommodation need to give a clean ground surface. The motivation behind the sterile ground surface is to give a sound and naturally amicable deck decision for the individuals who use it. Typically this kind of ground surface, assists oppose with trim and microscopic organisms, yet additionally diminishes the measure of allergens can manufacture, make better air quality. Others, the ground surface must be clearning by day by day with synthetics to decrease bacterial on the floor and require a smooth surface simple to tidy up. Temperature As temperature, to guarantee that the time powerful temperature control is basic to the wellbeing and appropriateness of food. Such control, including the got time and temperature for the procedure cooking, cooling, stockpiling, pressing, appropriation, food administration came to. Typically, a room as like kitchen must be consistently maintan the temperature gotten moderate. Any place cooking is unguarded with fire will be give the hardware like fireplace, exhaust fan or ventilation to diminishing smoke and steam, additionally can decrease the high temperature of the room. Lighting Satisfactory characteristic or counterfeit lighting ought to be given to the food foundation, to responsibility work in a clean way. Lighting must place fitting assurance, so as to guarantee that the food isn't harmed by contamination. Ventilation Ventilation is progressively significant of the sanitation office it can process change or supplant of any space in the indoor air quality, such like temperature control, supplemental oxygen, dampness, scent, smoke, warmth, residue and air in the bacterial. Others, ventilation likewise can decrease movement of bacterial and furthermore can acquire a defensive impact like diminish food pollution by bacterial. Along these lines, all with respect to of sanitation ventilation will be planned and built so air can keep up course and air doesn't pollute or influence the food. Bathroom For the bathroom will be isolated from the food handling and administration zones, which may not be an immediate aftereffect of the food creation, administration and capacity territories. In bathroom more likely than not executed a framework for tracking all activity taken to address distinguished hazard factors for food-borne sickness. These records ought to be saved for the foundation and in the assessment procedure. Gear As gear must give a showcase board referencing dos donts for the laborers ought to be set up inside a noticeable spot in the reason in English or in neighborhood language for everyones understanding. Show board additionally to guarantee client have adhere to the guidance and see how to utilize the gear. As food safe office, the proprietor must give preparing for the client to understanding the threats from work hardware and how to giving the gear like electrical gear, fire avoidance and other in regards to for hardware. At the point when the food procedure they will get harmed whenever if client utilize the gear with no traning. Others, the hardware will be have month to month examination to guarantee all the office can be use with no harm, what's more it can broaden life of the gear. At the point when need effectively to maintanance and cleaning capacity according to its planned use, the eqiupment will be such found, structured and manufactured, its additionally can encourages a dec ent cleanliness rehearses inside the reason including checking and review. Washing of Raw Materials The washed crude food, satisfactory offices ought to be given. All bowls or different Facilities, utilized for washing food things must have adequate warmth and cold water gracefully. The water ought to be at any rate in the quintessence of drinking water. These offices must be kept perfect, Necessary to be purified. Utilized for washing a crude material of food flume ought to be kept up alone ought not be utilized for washing dishes, or for some other reason. Individual Facilities Individual offices ought to incorporate proper methods suitable washing and drying of hands before contacting food materials including washbasins and gracefully boiling water and separate toilets of fitting clean structure. These offices ought to be proper to the position, with the goal that they don't open straightforwardly into the food preparing, dealing with, or capacity territories. Before client start to perpare any food, ensure that client are utilizing the utensils is perfect. Clean worktops altogether and wash utensils with cleaning up fluid and high temp water, or utilize a dishwasher if client have one. Ensure client tidy up any spilt food straight away. They ought to be made mindful of the tidiness prerequisite while dealing with food, if food preparing without took care of appropriately individuals become sick and numerous passed on because of eating risky food. Capacity of Food Appropriate capacity of food diminishes the danger of food contamination. A very much supplied kitchen can be a lifeline with regards to arranging speedy dinners and keeping our food admission sound. To guarantee your food is protected to eat, nonetheless, it is critical to take appropriate consideration with how your food is put away. As capacity of food has be careful with the temperature peril zone since food contamination bacterial develop and increase quickest in the temperature peril zone between 5 C and 60 C. It is imperative to keep high-chance food out of this temperature zone. Other, a few nourishments need to kept in the ice chest to help stop baterial developing and as far as possible for solidified food sources are to keep up flavor and surface. It is likewise still safe to eat solidified nourishments that have been put away more, model the capacity of nourishments in refrigerator, meat, fish, natural product, and so forth. End All in all, food safe office isn't just about keeping up a spotless workplace, and non compliances can happen in any phase during the food taking care of procedure from accepting, putting away, cooking, cooling and warming, or serving. As a sanitation the proprietor of café or in regards to the food preparing will be guarantee a food-safe office are in charge and lessen the danger of food poison. The food needs appraisals were completed in an expert manner. A proprietor of eatery they should give preparing and completely understanding the kinds of food and the conditions to forestall the development of microscopic organisms which can cause food contamination for any business and representative. In extra, gave the system and rule to all eatery to guarantee food handling can give the solid food to the individuals and furthermore gave the standard office. So ensure all client execute satisfactory preparing, security office and checking methods to guard working condition as could reason ably be expected. Book reference Mysterious, sixth January 2012, Socia, saw on sixth July 2012, http://www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Training_Manual/Volume%20III-%20Food%20Regulatory%20Enforcement%20and%20complience%20through%20Inspection.pdf Sanitation http://www.bupa.co.uk/people/wellbeing data/index/f/food-hygiene#textBlock254403 http://www.virtual-college.co.uk/items/food-cleanliness catering.aspx http://switchboard.nrdc.org/sites/ahershkowitz/how_to_manage_food_waste.html http://extension.psu.edu/sanitation http://www.foodsafety.com/ http://www.sfdph.org/dph/eh/Food/default.asp http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/ Presentation The idea of HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) is a framework that helps food business administrators take a gander at how they handle food and acquaints techniques with ensure the food created is sheltered to eat. The HACCP framework, which is science based and precise, recognizes explicit risks and measures for their control to guarantee the security of food. It is a HACCP which for centers around keeping food in legitimate time and temperature zones and liberated from sullying, indentifies and controls potential issues in food dealing with before they can happen, assesses and screens each progression in the whole food arrangement process, works day by day to give criticism and e

Preferential hiring Essay Example For Students

Particular employing Essay As of late particular recruiting has become an issue of incredible intrigue. Special recruiting, which was concocted to createharmony between the various races and genders, has partitioned the lines significantly more. Supporters on the two sides appear to be fixed in their positions and regularly decline to tune in to different gatherings stage. In this article, the beneficiaries of special employing will be either dark or female, and the situation being referred to will be a residency on the college level. The hirings being referred to are cases that include a few competitors, all generally equivalent in their capabilities (counting experience, training, relationship building abilities, and so on.), with the main contrast being race as well as sex. What we have here is an instance of foreordained inclination. The two up-and-comers being referred to are equivalent in all manners, aside from race. The dark candidate is chosen, not as a result of aptitudes or capabilities (all things considered the white man would have given a similar outcome), however for his skin shading. This is by all accounts barefaced separation, yet many trust it is advocated. Some vibe reprisal for quite a long time of segregation is reason enough, yet that issue will be examined later. To begin with, lets center around why this isn't an answer for making a fair-minded society. Martin Luther King Jr. had a fantasy: I have a fantasy that my four little youngsters will one day live in a country where they will notbe decided by the shade of their skin, however by the substance of their character. He wanted a world without separation, withoutprejudice, and without generalizations. The major exercise long stretches of segregation ought to have instructed is that to give anybody inclination dependent on skin shading, sex, or strict convictions is, in single word, wrong. As Martin Luther King Jr. expressed, judgment dependent on skin shading must not exist. All special employing does is keep de cisions dependent on destroy shading. Race and sex ought not be issues in todays society, yet special employing keeps on making these elements issues by regarding minorities as a gathering as opposed to as people. All the more critically particular recruiting may really fuel, as opposed to douse, sentiments of racial threatening vibe. Applying the idea of special employing to another circumstance may help clarify its weaknesses. A gathering of white men and a gathering of dark men both show up at an eatery simultaneously and just one table is free. The headwaiter can just situate one gathering and should settle on a choice. As indicated by particular employing hypothesis it is important to situate the dark party first, since truly blacks have been victimized when situated in cafés. In another circumstance, a white man and a dark man are both equidistant from the keep going seat on the transport. The two men are a similar age, have no clinical issues, and are equivalent in all ways with the exception of skin shading. Should the dark man get the seat since in the past dark men have been victimized? We could proceed with this training for a few centuries before the obligation we owe for denying blacks of a seat on the transport would be paid. Maybe these models are invalid. One might say that occupations are an alternate issue. They help characterize societal position and give financial prosperity. They may even lift self-assurance, something that separation has taken. Two focuses must be considered before moving any further. To begin with, blacks may gain better from a dark, and ladies may gain better from a lady. Second, employing ladies and blacks will give good examples to other people. The principal point Thomson rapidly yields as prone to be bogus. Conversation about the subsequent point anyway is required, and will, in actuality, serve to refute the principal point too. In the first place, lets make a character, Bill. Bill is horribly overweight and ugly. Studies have demonstrated that numerous employersdiscriminate (regardless of whether subliminally or not), against both overweight and ugly people. Tragically for Bill, he fits into the two classes. His failure to find an occupation intelligent of his capacities, combined with long stretches of open mortification through jokesmade to his detriment, has wrecked his confidence. This has made him acknowledge as certainty the thought that he will always be unable to arrive at his objectives. Hardly any Bill examples of overcoming adversity exist, just further falling his self-assurance. This model sounds strikingly like a typical contention for special employing. I have been oppressed, which has made my confidence fall, and now I am trapped, with scarcely any good examples to follow. Bills achievement has presumably been impeded by a larger number of sources than the todays normal dark or female, yet there is no arrangement in particular recruiting for him. Much the same as nobody can control their race or skin shading, Bills weight is brought about by a clinical issue past treatment. Particular special employing wont work. Regardless of whether one doesnt acknowledge the way that particular employing victimizes the white male, one must acknowledge the way that special recruiting oppresses Bill. .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556 , .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556 .postImageUrl , .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556 , .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556:hover , .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556:visited , .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556:active { border:0!important; } .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556:active , .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: re lative; } .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ue3779e99 69c1511d204935fce4e47556 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ue3779e9969c1511d204935fce4e47556:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Genocide Essay Presently lets expect that this argumentation is invalid for some explanation. Lets accept the absence of fearlessness andself-regard that todays blacks and ladies are experiencing may merit some pay. In any case, before proceeding, it appears to be important to limit the scope of who meets all requirements for remuneration for misery. The current issue concerns todays blacks and todays ladies. Todays society isn't answerable for episodes going before its own reality. Different sentiments may not agree with this conviction, yet I don't feel any obligation regarding the positive or negative activities of my granddad or my dad. Be that as it may, as a citizen I will assume liability for the positive or negative activities of society today. For instance, todays society isn't liable for blacks or womens absence of casting a ballot rights years prior. On the off chance that for reasons unknown we were capable, how could this be reimbursed? Make a dark or female vote tally a few times? No, this is incredible. We have dropped our obligations, basically by giving them an option to cast a ballot and a state in the appointment of their agents. Presently this shouldn't imply that that todays society isn't liable for the separation of blacks and ladies as of late. In any case, even before the lifetime of those that would be generally influenced by special employing: the two blacks and ladies have reserved the privilege to cast a ballot; separation dependent on race, shading, religion, or sex has been illicit; isolation has finished; and thecivil rights development has occurred. Unmistakably, we live in an unexpected United States in comparison to out ancestors. Todays blacks and ladies may even now encounter a few repercussions of separation, yet for a considerable length of time laws have been implemented denying segregation. In the event that somebody victimizes a dark today, charges could be recorded against that individual and that individual will be rebuffed. That is the reality. Particular treatment can't be given to survivors everything being equal. It would become tumultuous difficult pin the degree of inclination a casualty ought to get for various violations. For a second lets deviate to the instance of Judy. Judy was assaulted. All general public can offer her is the discipline of her attacker, if her attacker is seen as liable. Of course, Judy will likely languish over an amazing remainder accepting that it was her deficiency; she will lose dignity and self-assurance. In any case, is Judy going to get particular treatment when she strolls into an office and goes after a position? There is no space on an employment form for Judy to state: I ought to get extraordinary thought, in light of the fact that quite a long while back I was assaulted. This assault has caused me long stretches of anguish, and now I do not have the self-assurance I once had. A

Gun Regulations - Free Essay Example

Gunshots ricocheted off the cold brick walls of the school hallway. Screams were followed by thumps, a sure sign another life had been lost. Cowering behind the podium, Ryan watched the doorknob shake with ferocity, fear settling with an icy feeling in his gut. The door finally gave way, the intruder bursting into the room. Their gun spit smoke into the air, metal getting its first taste of iron, calcium, iron, and brick, in that order, leaving a family with one less child to return home that day. There has been an average of one school shooting per week this year, which makes up just a small percentage of the 331 mass shootings which have occurred in the US in 2018. (Gun) Gun regulations in our country must be more strictly enforced to do something about this issue. The prevalence of the economic aspect of gun violence is tearing its way through the United States in forms of medical bills, higher tax payments, security enhancements, loss of property value, and decreased wages. The yearly cost of gun violence is 229 billion dollars, 49 billion coming from lost economic contributions and wages from both victims and shooters. Loss of quality of life accounts for another 169 billion. (United) The average American household income is 59,039 dollars, meaning it would take 3.9 million years of a normal citizens earnings to match the cost. Taxpayers are held accountable for reimbursing half of that amount, an average of 12.8 million dollars per day which is considered a low estimation. (Statistics) However, this expense is not distributed evenly. From current data, it has been deducted that states with more extensive and smart gun regulations and laws save money while also saving lives. In a recent study it was discovered that when gun violence rates ha d a surge, home value decreased by four percent. A study in Washington, DC revealed that every 10 less gun incidents was closely related to one less business closing, one new business opening, twenty new jobs, and an extra 1.3 million dollars in revenue for businesses. (Economic) Gun regulations also need to be constructed, purely for the cause of safety for Americas citizens. So far this year almost 14,000 people have died from gun violence. (Gun) Seven children and teens are killed by a firearm on an average day. Guns also have a higher fatality rate over other weapons. (Survival) People often use the phrase guns dont kill people, people do. Yes, guns may not be able to kill someone on its own in the literal sense, but they enable a person to have that ability in an easy fashion. They also make killing easier for the perpetrator than with using other objects such as knives, because of its ability to kill multiple people with a simple holding down of a trigger, along with their ability to cause mass destruction from far away, and the fact that if someone doesnt know how to use a firearm properly, they are still able to contribute to multiple deaths and injuries. Our country has the largest ratio of guns in the hands of citizens with an average of 88.8 guns p er one hundred people. Serbia, the second highest, has a ratio of only 58.2 firearms per one hundred people. Handguns killed 52 people in Canada in 2012, 48 people in Japan, and eight citizens in Great Britain. The US had a much higher rate of handguns killing 10,728. (Shammas) At the root, guns are designed and manufactured as a means to kill or injure. When you view the proposition of gun control with that realization, the perspective changes. People try to solve the problem of gun violence with more guns. Far more assets at much less cost than guards Attacks would end! tweeted President Donald Trump in regard to arming teachers with guns. (Trump) Obviously we should arm all of our educators with firearms, because the willingness and ability to kill someone should be a quality that someone who wants to teach a kid how to add and subtract should have, right? Adding more guns into the mix is doing the opposite of protecting American citizens, and instead adding an increased danger. Reducing gun violence isnt all about creating more laws, but also about adapting and strictly enforcing the ones we already have. The background check system we have in place is filled with loopholes, the major one involving a private trade of firearms. If you were to buy a gun from someone privately selling, you would not be obligated to a background check. Even in instances where someone is buying from a public company, background checks have not always been taken seriously. In December of 2016 Dylann Roof killed nine people in a church in Charleston. Roofe obtained his guns in 2015, even after admitting to having counts of felony drug possession which should have rendered him unqualified to purchase a firearm. (Lopez) Another example would be Devin P. Kelley, who shot and killed twenty six people who were at church in Sutherland Springs, Texas. Kelley was removed from the Air Force in 2012 on account of domestic violence charges, none of which were put on his record for future bac kground checks. If it had been he would have been rendered incapable of passing the standard feudal background check which is supposed to be administered by licensed gun dealers. (Lopez) By enforcing our laws and adding to them to eradicate loopholes, we can make a safer country. On a large scale, what do we consider more important, innocent lives or our right to own an aggregate of lethal firearms? Gun violence is affecting todays youth dramatically, and needs to be tamed. It is up to us to form a greater and safer future, not only for ourselves, but future generations as well. We must work together to lessen this crisis, and address all faces of gun violence and how it affects others. Working together towards a common goal of peace and safety, we together can make change happen. We have a right to life and the pursuit of happiness, so lets fight for it.

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Is Sexuality Shaped By Other Social Factors - 1628 Words

Please insert your essay here. Please specify which essay question you are addressing How is sexuality shaped by other social factors? Sexuality does not develop within a vacuum separate to society or politics. All social factors play a role in shaping one another and sexuality is no different. Here sexuality can be loosely defined as a person’s capacity for sexual feelings, sexual identity or preferences and their sexual activity. Secondly, ‘disability’ can be defined loosely as: ‘a physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movements, senses or activities’. Entire industries and institutions are founded upon sexuality operating in particular ways on a large scale, and are then perpetuated as a result of seemingly compulsive attitudes. In mainstream heteronormative discourse of sexuality, people with disabilities are often erased or assumed to not either possess or facilitate sexual feeling. Heteronormative here meaning: the assertion that heterosexuality is the only sexual orientation and there are roles that come with it. There is also a dehumanising fetishisation of people with disabilities that exists within certain groups. While rights for people with disabilities have come a long way, with perceptual shifts surrounding their daily lives, ultimately the notion of sexual agency amongst people with disabilities is often erased or portrayed in a false or misleading manner. Able-bodied individuals are not likely to think about how their body occupies publicShow MoreRelatedEssay on Our Understanding of Sexuality and Family Formation1213 Words   |  5 PagesOur Understanding of Sexuality and Family Formation The investigations in the determinants of gender and sexuality are ongoing; some are biologically orientated while others believe that they are socially constructed. 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Gagon and Simons (1973) opposed the essentialist view of sexuality and believed that â€Å"sexuality is not†¦[a] universal phenomenon which is the same

Current Issues in Accounting and Corporate Governance Financial Repor

Question: Discuss about theCurrent Issues in Accounting and Corporate Governance for Financial Reporting. Answer: The Main Theme of the Reading The theme of the reading is to explore on the fair value as the measurement and the impact it has on the accounting policy choices (p.1). Additionally how these concepts are comparable to the financial statements in the adoption of the international Financial Reporting Standards (Cairns, Massoudi, Taplin Tarca, 2011). The concept of the fair value tends to capture on the inherent value of the conceptual framework. What was the Problems? The real collapse of ABC was not merely on business failure but a government policy failure. Another aspect issue was due to the ignorance of the fundamental sounds of accounting principles. At the end of 2006, the ABC Company was trading on the market share at around $8.60 and less than 2 years the shares were worth around 54 cents (p.2) and the company was placed in the hands of the administrators, there was issue of debt and a crisis of liquidity and inflated assets value (Cairns, Massoudi, Taplin Tarca, 2011). Moreover, the company relied on the increase stock price to help fund ceaseless expansion in USA and British market. They were vulnerable to share price collapse. What Have Learnt and Solutions to Issue of ABC Case The best solution on the issue is to have appropriate structure set by the government towards the management of the childcare policies; they should start playing the role of governance which can commensurate with financial significance(p.3). Moreover, organization need to maintain sound accounting practices and uphold on ethical responsibilities (Shortridge, Schroeder Wagoner, 2006). The advantage of guidance of accounting practice help organization to prepare and present financial statement while disadvantage is ignorance of management to follow the cumbersome process required on guideline. References Cairns, D., Massoudi, D., Taplin, R., Tarca, A. (2011). IFRS fair value measurement andaccounting policy choice in the United Kingdom and Australia. The British Accounting Review, 43(1), 1-21. Shortridge, R. T., Schroeder, A., Wagoner, E. (2006). Fair-Value Accounting. The CPA Journal, 76(4), 37.

Running Essays - RTT, Physical Exercise, Physical Fitness

Running In this study, I investigate the affects that running has on reducing the risk of some health problems. I am doing this because I run about 40 to 60 miles per week, and my family has a history of health problems. For instance, my grandfather suffered a heart attack, and he also had cancer when he was about the age of 50. Furthermore, my grandfather, on my dad's side of the family, has also had triple bi-pass heart surgery from a heart attack he has had recently. Here, I present information from some sources that talk about the affects that running has on reducing health risks. My sources agree that running, and some other aerobic exercises, reduce the risk of: Diabetes, diverticular disease, heart decease, several types of cancer, and even common sicknesses like a cold. One source agrees that running reduces the risk of diabetes. Jim Harmon writes, in Sports Illustrated, about Bruce Leonard, a marathoner with a masters degree in public health. Bruce Leonard went to study the Zuni Indian tribe. This tribe has had a bad history of diabetes until they started to run. Leonard said, After the Zuni tribe started running, ?many Zuni were able to reduce or eliminate their diabetes medication.?(5) My research also reveled that diverticular disease can be reduced in men that run. For instance, Marty Munson and Teresa Yeykal writes in the article ?Outrun trouble? which says, ?guys who racked up the most ours doing vigorous exercise reduced their risks of diverticular decease by a third.?(38) They also say ?it's good advice to make your lifestyle to consume high fiber.?(38) I found that running can also reduce the risk of heart disease. The article ?Run for your life? talks about Mitchell H. Whaley, the director of adult physical fitness program at Ball State University. He analyzed data collected from a group of men, which included runners. Mitchell Whaley found that ?individuals with low aerobic capacity have a higher risk of developing premature coronary artery decease that those who were more fit.?(47) The article also talks about Martha L. Slattery, Ph.D., from the University of Utah Medical School. Maria Slattery also found that running is a good preventive measure for heart disease. She says, ?The greatest increase in protection was between those men who were sedentary and those who had some activity.?(48) Another source I found says that running can help prevent many types of cancer. In the article ?Running for your life?, Doctor Leonard Cohen talks about how running helps reduce colon, breast, cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancer. Cohen says ?A growing body of evidence suggest that physical activity reduces the risk of cancer, particularly colon and breast cancer.?(23) Overall, my sources state that even though running isn't a cure, it is definitely a preventive measure for many health problems. They all agree that running can do no harm, and there are many positive aspects. After doing this research, I am going to continue running or at least some king of aerobic exercise, hoping that it will prevent me from following in my grandparents footsteps.

Essay Sample on Nazi Germany and the Role of Albert Speer

Essay Sample on Nazi Germany and the Role of Albert Speer To what extent did the Nazi leadership rely on terror to maintain their authority in Germany 1933 – 1945? At its core, the Nazi state was indeed a terror state. It is important to remember that Hitler only won so much support through propaganda. There were still those in Germany who were opposed to Hitler’s ideals, or did not conform to his own qualifications. As such, Hitler turned to Heinrich Himmler, the Chief of the German Police and head of the SS. Already in a position of power, it was Himmler who opened the first concentration camp at Dachau. Maned with SS troops, by the end of the war in 1945, there were fifteen more such camps scattered across German occupied territory. It was to these camps that Hitler had sent a wide variety of people. Be they common criminals, political opponents, Jews or homosexuals, anyone who stood in the way of what Hitler saw would be his perfect Germany, or challenged his view, found themselves arrested and quickly transported to a concentration camp. The concentration camps became a crucial component of Hitler’s regime. The conditions inside the camps were appalling, and the prisoners were often treated with incredible cruelty. Some 200,000 people had suffered the concentration camps by 1939. By the end of the war, some three million European Jews had died in the camps. So much so that Himmler created a separate unit of the SS known as the Order of the Death’s Head. A unit that was responsible for the running of the concentration camps, and helped facilitate the murder of millions by the end of the war. A trip to the concentration camps more often then not was a sentence of death. Despite their attempt to hide the atrocities that went on inside the camps, some rumours did manage to leak out. Enigmatic and foreboding, Germans as well as Jews had grown to fear the camps by the end of the war. While not intentionally designed to strike fear into the population, the camps managed to achieve an infamous reputation for people going in, but never coming out. The SS, as a whole, including its many sub groups, came to be of great value to Hitler in controlling the population. Despite technically being a police force, the SS were loyal to Hitler alone, and were placed above the law. Quick and harsh to deal out punishment to anyone unfortunate enough to step out of line, they made no attempts to cover up their actions. The more people who saw it the better, for while violence itself was a detriment to unrest, the threat of it was even more potent. As such people were often arrested in broad daylight, out on the streets. All it took was the slightest display of resistance or even hesitation, and SS troops would willingly beat the ‘criminal’ in submission. Coupled with the SS was the SD and Gestapo. The SD was the intelligent branch of the SS, while the Gestapo was the state secret intelligence. Combined, these two organizations sifted carefully through Germany, weeding out anyone who showed any hint of dissent. They often arrested people with little or no evidence against them bar hearsay, and sentenced them without a trial. Death by firing squad or the gallows usually followed. So intense was the level of fear in Germany that people were afraid to met in public. For while the Gestapo and SD could not possibly spy on every person in Germany, an intricate network of informants kept them apprised of any given situation. It was these informants that allowed the Gestapo and SD to keep such a close eye on the people. These informants themselves weren’t always as organised. One German citizen was quite capable of ‘exposing’ another. Even the Nazi party itself was not safe. In the Night of the Long Knives, 21 June 1934, Hitler ordered a purge of the SA leadership, killing anyone who in anyway opposed him. This purge turned into a massacre when the Nazi’s used it as an excuse to themselves or any other opponents. Describe Albert Speer’s rise through the ranks of the Nazi Party When Speer began his life in the Nazi Party, his position was less then glamorous. In actuality, as a car owner, his job was to ferry party members back and forth between events. In 1930, Speer was given the task of redecorating the Nazi headquarters. Despite all his work and enthusiasm, his work was met with varying opinions. Speer’s early career in the Nazi Party is plagued with these sorts of events. In 1932 after receiving a cut to his salary due to the governments cost-cutting program, and was forced to retire. Back in Berlin in 1932, Speer was offered the chance to decorate Joseph Goebbel’s headquarters. This is considered to be a turning point in Speer’s life, as Hitler himself visited and complimented the work. Speer’s career was filled with these tasks. He would receive a call from Berlin, at which point he would race there only to undergo some minor architectural task. His opportunity came in 1933 when he was called to Berlin by a friend of his, Karl Hanke, now a district organisation leader. Speer happened past Hanke as he was discussing the plans for the May 1st rally to be held at Tempelhof Field when Speer suggested some alterations. Hanke handed the project over to him, challenging him to do better. Speer came up with his ‘cathedral of light’ concept, dozens of search lights pointing upwards, forming a wall around the gathering. Hitler was astounded by the works, and Speer was given the task of seeing to all of the party rallies. Rallies such as Nuremburg in July 1933 helped progress his career further. Later in 1933, under the direction of Paul Troost, Speer was given the task of refurnishing the chancellor’s residence. This brought Speer into close contact with Hitler. Hitler seemed to from a close bond with Speer, whom he considered his superior in architecture, for that was what Hitler say himself as first and foremost. From his point onwards, Speer was in constant contact with Hitler and began to work his way up the ranks from there, until he achieved his highest rank as Minister of Armaments in 1939 Evaluate Albert Speer’s success as Minister of Armaments Overall, it can be seen as somewhat surprising that Speer experienced the success he did in this post, considering that his expertise lay in architecture, not engineering. By the end of 1944, Speer had succeeded in increasing the arms output by upwards of 300%. His accomplishments were capable primarily through what was referred to as â€Å"American methods†. During World War I, and the beginning of World War II, Germany’s armaments industry had been designed to produce weapons for a series of blitzkriegs and was ill suited to meet the demands of long-term warfare. Speer solved this problem by establishing a set of thirteen committees that would each be responsible for the mass production of a standardised weapon, be it tanks, machine guns or ammunition. Each committee was given the needed raw material, a time frame, and left to see to the work. In reference to these committees, Speer also managed to speed up production by removing military bureaucratic red tape from th e whole procedure. Finally, as stated, Speer himself possessed little in the way of engineering or manufacturing ‘know-how’, but was talented in finding faults with the existing system. He overcame this by soliciting Hitler to allow him to employ many talented people who were not members of the Nazi Party. This gave Speer a wide selection of qualified people that were able to deal with the situation in a way that he could not. Why was Speer found guilty at the Nuremberg trial? Speer was found guilty during the 1945-46 trials for the simple matter that he admitted to them, at least in part. Speer claimed that he should take part responsibility for carrying out the orders passed down to him by Hitler, and that in such an totalitarian style government, even the subordinates must shoulder at least some of the responsibility. Straight forward, polite and never evasive, Speer soon earned the title of ‘The good Nazi’. His ready acceptance of guilt was a demonstration to the court that Speer did feel remorse for his actions during the war, and as such the judges were lenient with him.

Shift from Industrial Relations to Employee Relations Essay

Shift from Industrial Relations to Employee Relations - Essay Example It covers a wide spectrum of industrial activities such as collective bargaining, trade unionisms, and worker's participation in management, discipline and grievance management and industrial disputes and interpretation of labor laws. It, therefore, refers to the collective relationship between the employer and employees on a set of employment relationship. But researches conducted at various places across the world have concluded that the validity of industrial relations as a concept is going to decline in the near future because of the necessity of more recognition of employees at the work place by employers. The employee-employer relation in the 21st century is going to have a new outlook because of the increased need for the recognition of employees at the work place either voluntarily or by the contemplation of law. The relationship between employer and employee experienced in the past, coined as industrial relations has declined over the last few years by virtue of reasons such as change in working condition and approach of trade union. The research undertaken by CIPD (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development) in 2004-05 on the changing nature of employee relations in U K organizations reveal that "Union membership and traditional union-related personnel management work has declined enormously in the last 30 years, with no prospect of a sustained re-emergence, though the re-regulation of employment and the new Employee Information and Consultation Regulations are pushing employee relations back up the management agenda"Rationale for change in the outlook The reasons for the modern perspective of employee relationship are manifold. Over the past 20 years there have been many amendments in the employment legislations, change in the methods of selection, recruitment, training, remuneration, working condition, consultation etc. All these factors have contributed to a shift from industrial relations to employee relations. Also shift in the trade union image from the earlier industrial conflict has also helped in creating and maintaining a harmonious relationship with employers which opened up opportunities for greater involvement of employees. Another factor which caused a change in the treatment of employees by employer is the changing attitude of present day employees. The modern employees and employers have a psychological contract, which implies the unwritten perceptions of the employment relationship and the degree of trust, motivation and commitment involved. Employee Relation Employee Relations involves the body of work concerned with maintaining employer-employee relationships that contribute to satisfactory productivity, motivation, and morale. This approach towards the employees in a changing working environment should not be conventional nor is it adversely affects the employee performance. Modern employers unanimously agree with employee relations, although a few have different opinion. The new approach from employer perspective can be justified by the following: 1. Employee attitude and commitment are strongly associated with employee performance 2. Employee involvement and consultation appear to be more strongly associated with employee satisfaction 3. The ideal mechanism to be used for employee voice includes two-way communications, project teams and joint consultation through electronic

2pages story and 2pages essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

2pages story and 2pages - Essay Example While the Americans politicians could not help but notice the gleaming gold stacked inside the gigantic space ship, the space people also could not keep themselves from noticing that there was only one Asian American in the delegation sent by the US president from the White House. In a group of 20 politicians of high standing, only one Asian American represented the US. This was diversity at its poorest and it did not go unnoticed by anyone who arrived from the star in the space. It was assumed by the space people that Asian Americans were largely considered simple-minded and unrefined people by the white elitist forces in America. On grounds of extensive research conducted by them in recent past, they knew it well that a few white elitist groups acted as a driving force behind the American politics. The US president could not risk their anger or disagreement because they funded his campaigns. Since Asian Americans formed a racial minority in the US in contrast to whites who formed a racial majority, the leader of the delegation from space put forward a very unique proposition before the Americans. He offered remarkable treasures in the form of gold to America to help the politicians address all kinds of domestic catastrophes in exchange for every one of Asian American residing in the US. They did not explain what they intended to do with Asian Americans, rather they just emphasized this deal claiming that the US president is free to accept or decline this offer. They naturally expected some resistance or hostility form the US delegation on introduction of such a nonplussing offer, but to their amazement the Americans threw themselves into hot debate soon afterwards considering the offer very seriously. The gleam of gold masking their good judgment, they ran off to their president with this otherwise outrageous offer to the White House. The president

Cohabitation Before Marriage Essay Example for Free

Cohabitation Before Marriage Essay Does living together before marriage help or hurt relationships? This question has plagued couples for the last few decades, as both the numbers of those living together without being married and the rate of divorce has grown. I think living together before marriage can only help people avoid divorce, as they are given the chance to see what it is like to live with either the specific person, or a person for the first time. This also brings up the questions of why divorce rates are up and whether it has anything to do with living together before marriage. I bring certain prejudices about it, believing that living together before marriage does not negatively impact couples’ ability to stay together after marriage, as I have seen it work many times. In the end, I will attempt to make the connection between the two, if there is one, or explain why people think there may be. SOURCES: Hurley, D. (2005, April 19). Divorce Rate: Its Not as High as You Think. The New York Times. Divorce Statistics Collection. Retrieved August 9, 2008, from http://www. divorcereform. org/nyt05. html Knadler, J. (2005, December). Is Five Years the New Forever? Cosmopolitan. Vol. 239, Iss. 6; pg. 149-152. Kramer, E. (2004, October). COHABITATION: JUST A PHASE? Psychology Today. Vol. 37, Iss. 5; pg. 28-29. Whether because of the instinct to procreate, emotional desire, or compulsion to follow social norms, human pair-bonding leads often to marriage. Defined as a social institution, religious sacrament, and personal commitment, marriage continues to evolve, growing to include a more relaxed attitude to divorce and the practice of cohabitation before marriage. Both of these subjects have sparked heated debates, with the issue of cohabitation before marriage being the latest movement in the realm of matrimony. While many opponents of cohabitation before marriage cite a lack of core family and moral values that have sanctified union through marriage for millennia, recent studies have shown that cohabitation before marriage is not only increasing in popularity, but may be beneficial compared to marriage first, as evidenced by the increasing divorce rate among married couples, the decrease of overall marriages, and the ever-changing landscape of marriage throughout history. Marriage between a man and a woman has long been the backbone of social cooperation and society itself. Marriage offered greater economic stability, the opportunity to produce heirs, and was often utilized as a tool to strengthen alliances between groups. Marriage echoed the foundational desire for societal regulations and norms, and like society, marriage continuously evolved, redefining itself and its purpose. From the days ancient Mesopotamia to Greece and Rome, marriage was largely a civic obligation. However, the proliferation of polytheistic religions as ultimate moral authorities transformed marriage into an expression of faith. Until the emergence of modern nation-states, most marriages were conducted under one or another religious regime. Starting with the Protestant Reformation, â€Å"most states took over their dominant religion’s marriage laws; debate has ensued ever since whenever a nation deviates from the still powerful religious rules that sanctify marriage† (Miller, 1999). Despite these dogmatic rules, outlawed actions such as unmarried cohabitation and divorce have become commonplace among couples, and the cause and effects are mixed. According to an analysis of new census figures by The New York Times, married couples, whose numbers have been declining for decades as a proportion of American households, have slipped into a minority in the United States. The American Community Survey, released in October by the Census Bureau, found that â€Å"49. 7 percent, or 55. 2 million, of the nation’s 111. 1 million households in 2005 were made up of married couples — with and without children — just shy of a majority and down from more than 52 percent five years earlier† (Hurley, 2005). This trend shows that less and less heterosexual couples are choosing to get married, instead preferring to cohabitate and have children without marriage. Cohabitation can have many important benefits that marriage cannot, even if it comes with no religious sanctification or government protection. Cohabitation before marriage can be for a variety of reasons. Some couples may use it to see if they can live with the person, while others may do it simply out of convenience, and still others may do it for more practical reasons such as to save money. Susan Sassler, a sociology professor at Ohio State University, interviewed undergraduate and graduate students who had been living with a romantic partner for at least three months and asked them why they decided to move in with their partners. Fewer than a third of interviewees reported discussing their ideas for the future before making the move, and even fewer had mentioned marriage in their discussions with their partners; nearly a fifth specifically stated that they weren’t using cohabitation as a trial for marriage, and the most commonly cited reasons for moving in together were â€Å"saving money, convenience and the need for housing† (Kramer, 2004). This study helps show that cohabitation before marriage is not necessarily anything more than a practical move on the part of the couple. Whether or not the couple gets married seems to be secondary to the mutually beneficial arrangement that can allow many young couples to pursue personal and professional goals more easily with the support system offered by such a thing as marriage, with the freedom offered by being single. In the United States, it is widely believed that one in two marriages will end in divorce, so while many couples live together out of sheer practicality, cohabitation may be a good way to avoid the increasing divorce rate. The rate of divorce today is considered to be roughly 43% by the National Center for Health Statistics but was moved back up to around 50% by the Census Bureau in 2002. Most recently, according to the New York Times, it has been revised downward to just over 40%. (Crouch, 2005) This lower figure could be due to the fact that less people are getting married and choosing instead to cohabitate, but it cannot be denied that less people are getting and staying married than ever before. The proliferation of cohabitation before marriage could be for a great number of reasons, including the increasingly fast pace of society, a more cynical view of traditional morality, or even the more evolved view that couples do not have to sanctify their union through religion or law. Studies on successful cohabitation are difficult to perform, and no concrete statistics such as divorce rates offer clear-cut answers to its ultimate success or failure. However, moving past religious and social dogma that often frowns upon cohabitation before marriage, it would seem to be preferential for young couples to do before getting married, and many have. According to Jessie Knadler of Cosmopolitan Magazine, â€Å"many couples today live together before they marry, roughly 70 percent versus less than 5 percent 40 years ago† (Knadler, 2005). While this number suggests that virtually all couples that marry live together first, it also leads to a pitfall that cohabitating couples must avoid, namely seeing marriage as the next logical step in the relationship. As evidenced in the Sassler study, many of these cohabitating couples are doing it out of practical reasons, sharing money, bank accounts, bills, and such; to move this arrangement into marriage without a strong foundation is a risky mistake that ends in divorce nearly half of the time. The casual acceptance of divorce in today’s society seems to offer couples an easy way out whenever they so choose, unlike a few short decades ago when divorce was considered taboo. Divorce ultimately costs not only the couple, but also society as a whole, in legal fees and wasted court time. While breakups are rarely pleasant, they can prevent many of these personal fights from entering the public arena. The success of any marriage, relationship, or partnership depends on the trust and commitment of those who enter into it. Cohabitation can be a good way to lead to marriage, but it takes work and honesty between both partners. If the partners see a future with each other, marriage is the next logical step. However, if they are living together out of convenience, perhaps marriage is a bad idea. And, while marriage continues to evolve and to some degree evaporate, human relationships will always be too complex and diverse to generalize. REFERENCES Crouch, J. (2005). Divorce Rates. Divorce Reform Page. Americans for Divorce. Retrieved August 9, 2008, from http://www. divorcereform. org/rates. html Hurley, D. (2005, April 19). Divorce Rate: Its Not as High as You Think. The New York Times. Divorce Statistics Collection. Retrieved August 9, 2008, from http://www. divorcereform. org/nyt05. html Knadler, J. (2005, December). Is Five Years the New Forever? Cosmopolitan. Vol. 239, Iss. 6; pg. 149-152. Kramer, E. (2004, October). COHABITATION: JUST A PHASE? Psychology Today. Vol. 37, Iss. 5; pg. 28-29. Miller, M. (1999, March/April). What is Marriage For? : A Conversation with E. J. Graff. UU World Magazine. 37 pars. Retrieved August 9, 2008, from http://www. uua. org/world/0399feat3. html

Why I Love My Mac :: Personal Narrative Writing

Why I Love My Mac I have always loved computers. In school they fascinated me and were fun to play with. When I grew up and became a secretary, I delighted in recreating print documents and forms on my computer using WordPerfect for DOS. My daily success was measured by how little I used my typewriter. The only thing I didn't like was how ugly the programs were on the screen. The backgrounds were always black or royal blue, with (full-bodied shudder) red or green type. Some programs allowed a modicum of visual customization, but the danger of damaging your eyesight was prevalent (imagine red type on a royal blue background!). Still, computers were way more fun than typewriters. No more using calculators either! Each time I had to perform a calculation repetitively, I created a spreadsheet that would do it for me. Although I was "Suzy Super Computer-Using Secretary," I had no clue how the computer actually functioned, nor did I care. When I saw my first Macintosh, my eyes were wide as saucers. It was colorful! It had little pictures on the desktop! No more black or royal blue screen and funky colored type! (Although with some tweaking in the customization settings you could attain that horrid look.) I don't know how but that little Mac exuded a feeling of friendliness and ease of use. Even the cables in the back were "picture-coded" to the plugs in which they belonged! As far as the software, I could poke around in any folder on the hard drive, double-click on anything, and the computer told me what that item was used for. If it was something I shouldn't be messing with, a dialogue box would appear stating, "This extension is used by the system and cannot be opened." When I wanted to delete something I threw it in the trashcan. How logical! And wow, I could open several documents at once, move the windows around, and a word processing document actually looked on screen exactly like it would print. The Mac seemed logical, pure and simply, and it seemed interesting. I knew at that moment when the time came for me to buy a home computer, I would buy a Macintosh. It would be something I could operate, maintain, and upgrade myself. No need to call the geeky, scary, and expensive PC technician to come fix my computer. I could install new software, attach new peripherals, and even upgrade the memory all by myself.

Federalism in India Essay

India is a big country characterized by cultural, regional, linguistic and geographical diversities. Such a diverse and vast country cannot be administered and ruled from a single centre. Historically, though India was not a federal state, its various regions enjoyed adequate autonomy from central rule. Keeping in view these factors in mind, the Constitution makers of India opted for the federal form of government. Though, the Government of India Act 1935 envisaged a federal set-up for India; federal provisions of the Act were not enforced. Thus, India became a federal polity with the Constitution of India. Federalism is a system of governance in which the powers to legislate is in two levels as Central and subordinate levels. Features of Federalism Federalism in India has a strong bias towards the Union Government. Some unique features of federalism in India are: * There is no equality of state representation. Representation in the Parliament can vary widely from one state to another depending on a number of factors including demography and total land area. * No double citizenship, i.e. no separate citizenship for country and state. * The consent of a state is not required by the Parliament to alter its boundaries. * No state, except Jammu and Kashmir, can draw its own Constitution. * No state has the right to secede. * No division of public services. The main features of Federalism * Provision for more than one form or government to act simultaneously on the same territory and on the same time. * Each government must have their own authority and spheres of power, though they may overlap. * Neither level of government, state or national can abolished the other. Why Federalism is Important? Federalism is important because of the following reasons: * Because of diversity, there is a division in the power of federalism (to legislate in better manner). * For better Administration. * Economic development in cultural diversity, linguistic groups, traditions, customs, natural resources. The concept is taken from U.S.A. in 1776 and at the time of U.S. government independence. How Democracy is linked with Federalism? In a democracy, the involvement of people at state level is more, as the people are free to choose their own representatives, for the people, of the people, by the people. What makes India a Federal Country? India is a vast country with numerous languages, religions and regions. The concept of federalism plays a vital role and the power sharing arrangements plays a crucial role in maintaining unity and harmony in the country. India got its independence in 1947 but it also resulted in painful partition that paved way to the formation of Pakistan. After independence, several princely states became a part of the country and the constitution declared India as a Union States. Despite the fact that the word federalism is not used or implied with Indian Union but it is largely based on the principles of federalism. All the above key features of federalism are well suited to the provisions of the Indian Constitution. The constitution of India provided two tiers of levels of governments â€Å"Central or Union Governments representing the Union of India and the state governments. Later, a third tier or level of federalism was formed and added in the forms of Panchayats and Municipalities. These three different tiers of governments enjoy separate jurisdictions and the constitution provides a three- fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union governments and the state governments. It comprises of three major lists and they are as follows: – 1. Union List: – This list includes subjects of national importance such as defence, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency. They form as the part of Union list as we need a uniform policy on these important matters throughout the country. Union or Central government can only make laws relating to these above mentioned important subjects. 2. State List: – This list contains subjects of state and local significance and state governments alone can make laws relating to subjects like police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. 3. Concurrent List: – It can also be termed as co-existing list and includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments. It includes subjects like education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. Both levels of government (Union and State governments) can make laws on these subjects. If their laws conflict with each other then the law made by the Union Government will reign and succeed. How is Federalism practiced? The success of federalism in India cannot be merely attributed to constitutional provisions but to the nature of democratic politics in our country. It ensured that the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together became a common goal in our country. The major reasons in which federalism has succeeded in our country are as follows: – 1. Linguistic states: – The formation of linguistic states was the first major test for democratic politics in India. There were lots of changes in democratic politics of our country from 1947 to 2006. In India, many old states have vanished while many states have been created. Even the names of areas, boundaries and states were changed during this period. In 1947, the year of independence, the boundaries of many old states were changed in order to create new states. It was done to ensure that the people speaking same language should reside in same state. It led to formation of some states that were created not on the basis of language but to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. It includes states like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand. There was fear of disintegration by some national leaders in our country when there was demand for the formation of states on the basis of language was raised. Earlier central government resisted linguistic states but the experience has shown that their formation has made country more united and integrated. It made administration procedure easier and opened doors of opportunities for everybody. 2. Language policy: – Our constitution has not given the status of national language to any one language. Language policy proved second major test for India federation and finally Hindi was identified as the official language of the country. Hindi, the official language of country proved to be mother tongue of only 40 percent of India and therefore there were many safeguards to protect other languages. Besides Hindi, constitution recognized 21 another languages as scheduled languages. All the states had their own official language and much of government work took place in the official language of the concerned states. Our leaders adopted a cautious and vigilant attitude in spreading the use of Hindi in India. According to Indian constitution, the usage of English for official use has to be stopped by 1965 but many non-Hindi speaking states resented it violently and wanted to continue with English. In Tamil Nadu, the movement took ugly turn as it turned into violent agitation. Thereafter, Central government responded positively and agreed to continue with usage of English along with Hindi for official purposes. But still Government of India continues to have encouraged the promotion of Hindi in their official policy. It does not mean that central government can impose Hindi on states where people speaks their own regional languages. 3. Centre State Relations: – The concept of federalism was strengthened to large extent by restructuring of centre and state governments relationships. It also largely depends on how the leaders of ruling party follow these arrangements. In India, the same party ruled both at the centre and at the most of the states. It means that the state governments did not exercise their rights as autonomous federal units. There were occasions where the parties at centre and state were different and in such cases central government tried to undermine the powers of state government. In those days, central government misused the constitution to dismiss the state governments that were governed by opposition parties. It undermined the spirit of federalism to large extent. After 1990, there was significant changes as the country saw the rise of regional parties in many states of the country. It was the arrival of the era of coalition governments at the centre. It led to new culture of power sharing and created a respect for the autonomy of state governments. This new trend was supported by a major judgment of Supreme Court that made difficult for Central government to dismiss state governments in an illogical manner. Federal power sharing holds more significance in today’s time than in early years when constitution came into force. Conclusion There are still other subjects that don’t fall in any of these lists. These subjects are computer software that came much after the formation of constitution in India. According to our constitution, Union government has the power to legislate on these left over or untapped subjects. Generally, it is learnt that holding together federations do not give equal power to its constituents so all states in Indian Union does not have identical powers. Jammu and Kashmir has its own constitution and enjoys special status and many provisions of Indian constitution are not applicable in this state. There are some units of Indian Union that enjoys very little power and these are areas which are too small to be recognized as an Independent state and could not merged with any other states. They are referred to as Union Territories and include areas like Chandigarh, Lakshadweep and Delhi, capital city of India. These territories do not have the powers of the state as Union or Central Government runs these areas with their special powers. It is not easy to make changes to the power sharing arrangements of Union and state governments as it has to be passed with both the houses of parliament with at least two-third majority. After its approval from both the houses of parliament, it has to be authorized or ratified by the legislatures of at least half of the total seats. In case of disputes about the division of powers, the High court and Supreme Court makes the decisive decision. Both Union and State governments have the power to raise resources by imposing taxes in order to carry on the government and the tasks allocated to them.

Moralitys Biological Nature - 2047 Words

Moralitys Biological Nature: Implications for the Attribution of Good and Evil. A man who has no assured and ever present belief in the existence of a personal God or of a future existence with retribution and reward, can have for his rule of life, as far as I can see, only to follow those impulses and instincts which are the strongest or which seem to him the best ones. . . . If he acts for the good of others, he will receive the approbation of his fellow men and gain the love of those with whom he lives. - Charles Darwin In my last paper Serial Killers: Just trying to feel normal, its not my fault (4) I addressed the question as to whether biology can make us murderers. In my paper I catalogued multiple instances in†¦show more content†¦These individuals may simply be impaired and hard-wired incorrectly, in such a way that they do not fall into a category of evil or wrong, but into a category of less wrong, and even unfortunate individuals who have been denied the ability to empathize with others and understand the inherently (and mandatory) intentional natures of good and evil behaviors. As science begins to unravel personality, accountability unravels with it. The person becomes his parts - some working, some defective through no fault of his own. (4) Morality is as firmly grounded in neurobiology as anything else we do or are, said de Waal (6). Morality must be seen as a state that is available to our species as a whole, and thus the biological impairment of not having morality would be seen as what allows us to throw off the drastic label of evil for he who has impairment. The idea that morality might be a biological trait in the human nature dates even back to the father of evolution. In The Descent of Man, Charles Darwin addressed the development of a moral sense from a naturalistic perspective (1). He implies that morality could have arisen as a consequence of human beings biological and social characteristics. This would imply that it isShow MoreRelatedKohlbergs Theory of Moral Development1236 Words   |  5 Pagessocial contract, which is ultimately the highest level of moral reasoning. This is evidenced in everyday life due to the fact the when pressed, individuals are incapable of providing evidence for any kind of unive rsal ethical value not explained by biological, physiological, or cultural evolution (which ultimately means that it is not in fact universal). Recognizing that the highest level of moral reasoning is based in the social contract is important for psychologists and the public alike, becauseRead MoreOrigins of Morality Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped in the history of humanity. He returned to the very beginning when man lived in the state of nature. He said that man was generally good but not in a moral sense that we know today, probably in a way of usefulness that would benefit us for our survival. The savage did not possess an understanding and knowledge of morality; the ideas of â€Å"good or bad† were actually not inherent in their nature (Discourse on Inequality, pg. 68). His main concern was to survive through fulfilling his basic needsRead MoreFree Will, Nature, And Nurture3271 Words   |  14 Pages The Origins of Morality: How Nature, Nurture, and Especially Free Will Influence One’s Moral Framework Political Science 302 Free Will, Nature, and Nurture in Politics and Society March 16, 2015 Lindsey Macalalad When thinking about morality, it is necessary to consider how aspects from both nature and nurture, along with free will, may form ones moral beliefs and dictate ones moral actions. To understand how moral beliefs as well as actions formulate and operate within individualsRead MoreMoralitys Foundations : Nurture Or Nature?1871 Words   |  8 PagesMorality’s Foundations: Nurture or Nature? The foundations of human morality have often been a point of contention in the scientific and psychological communities, with researchers frequently debating if human morals are innate sensations that are hardwired into one’s genetic makeup or that morals start out as a blank slate that are simply molded by the environment in which an individual was brought up. In recent times, we have seen a vast amount of scientific publications favoring both sides of